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Evidence-Based Practices: Shaping Mental Health Services Toward Recovery

Statement on Cultural Competence

Selected Resources on Cultural Competence

The resources listed below are for consumers and families, mental health authorities, administrators, program leaders and practitioners. They may be useful for all stakeholders in mental health services.

National Resources for Consumers and Families

Center for Mental Health Services
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
National Mental Health Information Center
(800) 789-2497
www.samhsa.gov/cmhs

First Nations Behavioral Health Confederacy
(406) 732-4240 Montana
(505) 275-3801 Albuquerque, NM
pauletterunningwolf@hotmail.com

National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
Colonial Place Three
2107 Wilson Blvd., Suite 300
Arlington, VA 22201-3042
1-800-950-NAMI (6264)
Fax: (703) 524-9094
TTY: (703) 516-7227
www.nami.org

National Asian American Pacific Islander Mental Health Association,
1215 19th St. Suite A
Denver, Colorado 80202
(303) 298-7910
Fax: (303) 298-8081
www.naapimha.org

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Office of Communications
6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 8184, MSC 9663
Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
(866) 615-NIMH (6464)
Fax: (301) 443-4279
TTY: (301) 443-8431
www.nimh.nih.gov

National Latino Behavioral Health Association
PO Box 387
506 Welch, Unit B
Berthoud, CO 80513
(970) 532-7210
Fax: (970) 532-7209
www.nlbha.org

National Leadership Council on African American Behavioral Health 6904 Tulane Drive
Austin, Texas
(512) 929-0142
Fax: (512) 471-9600
tkjohnson@mail.utexas.edu

National Mental Health Association
2001 N. Beauregard Street, 12th Floor
Alexandria, VA 22311
(800) 969-NMHA
Fax: (703) 684-5968
TDD: (800) 433-5959
www.nmha.org

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Resources for Mental Health Authorities

Aponte, C., Mason, J. “A Demonstration Project of Cultural Competence Self-Assessment of 26 Agencies” in M. Roizner, A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Cultural Competence in Children's Mental Health Organizations (Boston: Judge Baker Children's Center, 1996) 72–73.

California Mental Health Ethnic Services Managers with the Managed Care Committee. Cultural Competency Goals, Strategies and Standards for Minority Health Care to Ethnic Clients (Sacramento: California Mental Health Directors' Association, 1995).

Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Cultural Competence Standards in Managed Mental Health Care Services: Four Underserved/ Underrepresentd Racial/Ethnic Groups (2000).

This is the final report from four working groups: African Americans, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders, Latinos, and Native Americans. It contains a series of standards for culturally competent mental health care and a plan for implementation. The report does not represent the official positions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A glossary is included. Information and recommendations are provided on the following:

  • guiding principles
  • overall system standards and implementation guidelines
  • clinical standards and implementation guidelines
  • provider competencies

Dillenberg, J., Carbone, C.P. Cultural Competency in the Administration and Delivery of Behavioral Health Services (Phoenix: Arizona Department of Health Services, 1995).

Knisley, M.B. Culturally Sensitive Language: Community Certification Standards (Columbus, OH: Ohio Department of Mental Health, 1990).

National Implementation Research Network. Consensus Statement on Evidence-Based Programs and Cultural Competence (Tampa, FL:Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, 2003).

New York State Office of Mental Health. Cultural Competence Performance Measures for Managed Behavioral Healthcare Programs (Albany, NY: New York State Office of Mental Health, 1998).

New York State Office of Mental Health. Final Report: Cultural and Linguistic Competency Standards (Albany, NY: New York State Office of Mental Health, 1998).

Pettigrew, G.M. Plan for Culturally Competent Specialty Mental Health Services (Sacramento, CA: California Mental health Planning Council, 1997).

Phillips, D., Leff, H.S., Kaniasty, E., Carter, M., Paret, M., Conley, T., Sharma, M.P. Culture, Race and Ethnicity (C/R/E) in Performance Measurement: A Compendium of Resources; Version 1. (Cambridge, MA: Evaluation Center@HSRI, Human Services Research Institute, 1999).

Siegel, C., Davis-Chambers, E., Haugland, G., Bank, R., Aponte, C., McCombs, H. “Performance Measures of Cultural Competency in Mental Health Organizations.” Administration and Policy in Mental Health 28(2000): 91–106.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Consumer Mental Health Report Card. Final Report: Task Force on a Consumer-Oriented Mental Health Report Card (Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1996).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999).

Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) Mental Health Program and the Evaluation Center@HSRI (Human Services Research Institute). Notes from a Roundtable on Conceptualizing and Measuring Cultural Competence (WICHE, Mental Health Program and the Evaluation Center at Human Services Research Institute, 1999).

WICHE. Cultural Competence Standards in Managed Mental Health Care for Four Underserved/ Underrepresented Racial/Ethnic Groups (Boulder, CO: WICHE Publications, 1997).

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Resources for Mental Health Administrators

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
Center for Mental Health Services
1 Choke Cherry Road, Room 6-1057
Rockville, MD 20850
ph. 240-276-1310
ph. 1-800-789-2647
w. mentalhealth.samhsa.gov

Lopez, L., Jackson, V.H. “Cultural Competency in Managed Behavioral Healthcare: An Overview” in V.H. Jackson, L. Lopez (Eds) Cultural Competency in Managed Behavioral Healthcare (Providence, RI: Manisses Communications Group, Inc., 1999).

National Alliance of Multi-ethnic Behavioral Health Associations
Howard University, School of Social Work
601 Howard Place N.W.
Washington, DC 20059
202-806-4727
misaacs@howard.edu

National Center for Cultural Competence
Georgetown University Center
for Child and Human Development
3307 M Street, NW
Suite 401
Washington, D.C. 20007
Tel: 202.687.5387
TTY 202/687-5503
cultural@georgetown.edu

The Evaluation Center@HSRI
2336 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02140
617-876-0426
www.tecenter@hsri.org

Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE)
Mental Health Program
P.O. Box 9752
Boulder, CO 80301-9752

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Resources for Program Leaders

Barrio, C. “The Cultural Relevance of Community Support Programs.” Psychiatric Services 51 (2000):
879–874.

Issacs, M.R., Benjamin, M.P. Toward a Culturally Competent System of Care: Programs Which Utilize Culturally Competent Principles (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center, 1991).

Leong, F. “Delivering and Evaluating Mental Health Services for Asian Americans.” in Report of the Roundtable on Multicultural Issues in Mental Health Services Evaluation (Tucson, AZ: The Evaluation Center, Human Services Research Institute, 1998).

Musser-Granski, J., Carrillo, D.F. “The Use of Bilingual, Bicultural Paraprofessionals in Mental Health Services: Issues for Hiring, Training, and Supervision” Community Mental Health Journal 33 (1997):
51–60.

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) www.nimh.gov
Phillips, D. et al. Culture, Race and Ethnicity (C/R/E) in Performance Measurement: A Compendium of Resources; Version 1 (Cambridge, MA: Evaluation Center, Human Services Research Institute, 1999).

Organizational names, contact names, websites, e-mail addresses and mailing addresses are included. This publication has extensive lists of resources, standards, and selected readings. Information is provided on such topics as: training, language, service satisfaction and dissatisfaction, stakeholder involvement, social environments, community outreach, service planning, access and delivery, recruitment and retention, data collection and analysis, assessment, impact of practitioner identity, indigenous practitioners/services, attitudes, needs assessment, and additional readings on translated versions of instruments. Readings are included on African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. The compendium contains the following sections for diverse cultural, racial and ethnic groups:

  • standards for behavioral health competence
  • behavioral health disorder prevalence and service utilization
  • measures of identity
  • behavioral health diagnostic, assessment and outcomes measures
  • instruments to assess behavioral health service competence

Ponterotto, J.G., Alexander, C.M. “Assessing the Multicultural Competence of Counselors and Clinicians” in L.A. Suzuki, P.J. Meller, J.G. Ponterotto (Eds.) Handbook of Multicultural Assessment: Clinical, Psychological, and Educational Applications (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996) 651–672.

Tirado, M.D. Tools for Monitoring Cultural Competence in Health Care (San Francisco: Latino Coalition for a Healthy California, 1996).

U.S. Surgeon General. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999).

U.S. Surgeon General. Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity. A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001).

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Instruments for Program Leaders to Assess Cultural Competence

Cross-Cultural Counseling Inventory (CCCI). LaFromboise, Coleman, and Hernandez (1991).

  • Observer rates 20 items.
  • Measures counseling effectiveness.

Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale (MCAS). Ponterotto, Reiger, Barrett, and Sparks (1994).

  • Self-report of 45 items.
  • Assesses cultural awareness, knowledge and skills.

Multicultural Counseling Inventory (MCI). Sodowski, Taffe, Gutkin, and Wise (1994).

  • Self-report of 43 items.
  • Assesses awareness, knowledge, skills, and relations.

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Resources for Practitioners

Aguirre-Molina M., Molina C.W., Zambrana R.E. (Eds.) Health Issues in the Latino Community (San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001).

Alvidrez, J. “Ethnic Variations in Mental Health Attitudes and Service Among Low Income African American, Latina, and European American Young Women.” Community Mental Health Journal 35 (1999): 515–530.

American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs, Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy. Health Literacy: Report of the Council on Scientific Affairs (JAMA, Dec. 6, 1995): 1677– 1682.

Aranda, M.P. “Culture Friendly Services for Latino Elders.” Generations 14 (1990): 55–57.

Atkinson, D., Morten, G., Sue, D. Counseling American Minorities (Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1983).

Atkinson, D.R., Gim, R.H. “Asian-American Cultural Identity and Attitudes towards Mental Health Services” Journal of Counseling Psychology 36 (1989): 209–213.

Baldwin, J.A., Bell, Y. “The African Self-Consciousness Scale: An Afrocentric Personality Questionnaire” The Western Journal of Black Studies 9 (1985): 61–68.

Bauer, H., Rodriguez, M.A., Quiroga, S., Szkupinkski, S., Flores-Ortiz, Y.G. “Barriers to Health Care for Abused Latina and Asian Immigrants” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 11 (2000):
33–44.

Belgrave, F.Z. Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability Among African Americans (Westport, CT: Auburn House / Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1998).

Berkanovic, E. “The Effect of Inadequate Language Translation on Hispanics' Responses to Health Surveys” American Journal of Public Health 70 (1980): 1273–1276.

Bichsel, R.J. “Native American Clients' Preferences in Choosing Counselors” Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: Science and Engineering 58 (1998): 3916.

Branch C. Fraser, I. “Can Cultural Competency Reduce Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities? A Review and Conceptual Model” Med Care Res Rev Suppl 1 (2000): 181–217.

Browne, C.T. “An Anguished Relationship: The White Institutionalized Client and the Non-White Paraprofessional Worker” Journal of Gerontological Social Work Special Issue: Ethnicity and Gerontological Social Work 9 (1986): 3–12.

Bull Bear, M. Flaherty, M.J. The Continuing Journey of Native American People with Serious Mental Illness: Building Hope (Boulder, CO: WICHE, 1997).

Carter, R.T., Qureshi, A. “A Typology of Philosophical Assumptions in Multicultural Counseling and Training” in J.G. Ponterotto, J.M. Casas, C.M. Alexander (Eds.) Handbook of Multicultural Counseling (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995) 239–262.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Cultural Issues in Substance Abuse Treatment (Rockville, MD: CSAT, SAMHSA, 1999).

Chinese Culture Connection Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-Free Dimensions of Culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 8 (1987): 143–164.

Cross, T.L., Bazron, B.J., Dennis, K.W., Issacs, M.R. Toward a Culturally Competent System of Care. (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center, 1989).

Cuellar, I., Harris, C., Jasso, R. “An Acculturation Scale for Mexican-American Normal and Clinical Populations” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2 (1980):199–217.

Dana, R.H. Understanding Cultural Identity in Intervention and Assessment (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc., 1998).

Davies, J., McCrae, B.P., Frank, J., Dochnahl, A., Pickering, T., Harrison, B., Dembo, R., Ikle, D.N., Ciarlo, J.A. “The Influence of Client-Clinician Demographic Match on Client Treatment Outcomes” Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Evaluation 5 (1983): 45–53.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV. DSM-IV. Appendix I: Outline for Cultural Formulation and Glossary of Culture-Bound Syndromes (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994).

Feliz-Ortiz, M., Newcomb, M.D., Meyers, H. “A Multidimensional Measure of Cultural Identity for Latino and Latina Adolescents” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 16 (1994): 99-115.

Gallimore, R. “Accommodating Cultural Differences and Commonalities in Research and Practice” in Report of the Roundtable on Multicultural Issues in Mental Health Services Evaluation (Cambridge, Mass: The Evaluation Center, Human Services Research Institute, 1998).

Gaw, A.C. (Ed.) Culture, Ethnicity, and Mental Illness (American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 1993).

Gaw, A.C. (Ed.) Concise Guide to Cross-Cultural Psychiatry (American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 2001).

Gilvarry, C.M., Walsh, E., Samele, C., Hutchinson, G., Mallett, R., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Fahy, T., van Os, J., Murray, R.M. “Life Events, Ethnicity and Perceptions of Discrimination in Patients with Mental Illness” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 34 (1999): 600–608.

Gopaul-McNicol, S.A., Brice-Baker, J. Cross-Cultural Practice: Assessment, Treatment and Training. (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998).

Healy, C.D. African Americans' Perceptions of Psychotherapy: Analysis of Barriers to Utilization. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: Science and Engineering, 58(9-B), 5121. (1998).

Helms, J.E. (Ed.). Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Research, and Practice (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990).

Hernandez, N.E. “The Relationship between Ethnic Matching and Non-Matching of Black, Hispanic, and White Clinicians and Clients and Diagnostic and Treatment Decisions” Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 60 (1999): 550.

Herrera J., Lawson, W., Sramek, J. Cross Cultural Psychiatry (West Sussex: John Wiley Sons, Ltd., 1999).

Hinkle, J.S. “Practitioners and Cross-Cultural Assessment: A Practical Guide to Information and Training” Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development Special Issue: Multicultural Assessment 27 (1994): 103–115.

Jenkins, J.H. “Too Close for Comfort: Schizophrenia and Emotional Overinvolvement among Mexican Families” in Gaines, A.D. (Ed.) Ethnopsychiatry: The Cultural Construction of Professional and Folk Psychiatries (State University of New York Press, 1992) 203–221.

Lefley, H. Culture and Chronic Illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41 (1990): 277–286.

Lewis, R. “Culture and DSM-IV: Diagnosis, Knowledge and Power” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 20 (1996): 133–144.

Lin, T., Lin, M. “Service Delivery Issues in Asian-North American Communities” American Journal of Psychiatry 135 (1978): 454–456.

Lopez, S. “Cultural Competence in Psychotherapy: A Guide for Clinicians and Their Supervisors” in C.E. Watkins, Jr. (Ed.) Handbook of Psychotherapy Supervision (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997): 570–588.

Marin, G., Sabogal, F., Van Oss Marin, B., Otero-Sabogl, R., Perez-Stable, E. “Development of a Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 9 (1987): 183–205.

Melzzich, J., Kleinman, A., Fabrega, H., Parron, D. (Eds.) Culture and Psychiatric Diagnosis: A DSM-IV Perspective (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996).

Nader, K., Dubrow, N., Stamm, B., Hudnall, B. Honoring Differences: Cultural Issues in the Treatment of Trauma and Loss (Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel, Inc., 1999).

Opaku, S.A. (Ed.) Clinical Methods in Transcultural Psychiatry (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2001).

Phinney, J. “The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale for Use with Adolescents and Young Adults from Diverse Groups” Journal of Adolescent Research 7 (1992): 156–176.

Phinney, J.S. “Ethnic Identity in Adolescents and Adults: Review of Research” Psychological Bulletin 108 (1990): 459–514.

Ponterotto, J.G. et al. “Development and Initial Validation of the Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale” in G.R. Sodowsky J.C. Impara (Eds.) Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology (Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, 1996): 247–282.

Ponterotto, J.G., Casas, J.M., Alexander, C.M. (Eds.) Handbook of Multicultural Counseling (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995).

Saldana, D.H. “Acculturative Stress: Minority Status and Distress” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 16 (1994): 116–128.

Saldana, D.H., Dassori, A.M., Miller, A.L. “When Is Caregiving a Burden? Listening to Mexican American Women” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 21 (1999): 283–301.

Samaan, R.A. “The Influences of Race, Ethnicity and Poverty on the Mental Health of Children” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 11 (2000): 100–110.

Sanchez, A.M. McGuirk, F.D. The Journey of Native American People with Serious Mental Illness: Building Hope (Boulder, CO: WICHE, 1994).

Sandhu, D.S., Portes, P.R., McPhee, S.A. “Assessing Cultural Adaptation: Psychometric Properties of the Cultural Adaptation Pain Scale” Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 24 (1996): 15–25.

Shinagawa, L.H., Jang, M. Atlas of American Diversity (Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, 1998).

Smith, M., Mendoza, R. “Ethnicity and Pharmacogenetics” Mt. Sinai Journal of Medicine 63 (1996): 285–290.

Sodowsky, G.R., Taffe, R.C., Gutkin, T.B., Wise, S.L. “Development of the Multicultural Counseling Inventory: A Self-Report Measure of Multicultural Competencies” Journal of Counseling Psychology 41 (1994): 137–148.

Straussner. (Ed.). Ethnocultural Factors in Substance Abuse Treatment (New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 2001).

Strickland, W.J., Strickland, D.L. “Partnership Building with Special Populations” Family and Community Mental Health 19 (1996): 21–34.

Sue, S. “Programmatic Issues in the Training of Asian-American Psychologists” Journal of Community Psychology 9 (1981): 293–297.

Sue, S. “In Search of Cultural Competence in Psychotherapy and Counseling” American Psychologist 53 (1998): 440–448.

Sue, D.W., Carter, R.T., Casas, J.M., Fouad, N.A., Ivey, A.E., Jensen, M., LaFromboise, T., Manese, J.E., Ponterotto, J.G., Vazquez-Nutall, E. Multicultural Counseling Competencies: Individual and Organizational Development (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 1998).

Suinn, R.M., Richard-Figueroa, K., Lew, S., Vigil, P. “The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: An Initial Report” Educational and Psychological Assessment 47 (1987): 401–407.

Trevino, F.M. “Standardized Terminology for Hispanic Populations” American Journal of Public Health 77 (1986): 69–72.Thompson, V.L. "The Multidimensional Structure of Racial Identification" Journal of Research in Personality 29 (1995): 208–222.

Tseng, W.S. (Ed.) Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2001).

Tseng, W.S., Seltzer J.S. (Eds.) Culture and Psychotherapy (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2001).

Uba, L. Asian Americans: Personality Patterns, Identity, and Mental Health (New York: Guilford, 1994).

Vega, W.A., Rumbaut, R.G. “Ethnic Minorities and Mental Health” Annual Review of Sociology 17 (1991): 351–383.

Yeh, M., Eastman, K., Cheung, M.K. “Children and Adolescents in Community Health Centers: Does the Ethnicity or the Language of the Therapist Matter?” Journal of Community Psychology 22 (1994): 153–163.

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Scales for Practitioners to Recognize Cultural Identity

Acculturation/Cultural Identity Scales

Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans (ARSMA)
Cuellar, I., Harris, C., Jasso, R. “An Acculturation Scale for Mexican-American Normal and Clinical Populations” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2 (1980): 199–217.

Multidimensional Measure of Cultural Identity for Latino and Latina Adolescents
Feliz-Ortiz, M., Newcomb, M.D., Meyers, H. “A Multidimensional Measure of Cultural Identity for Latino and Latina Adolescents” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 16 (1994): 99–115.

Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH)
Marin, G., Sabogal, F., Van Oss Marin, B., Otero-Sabogl, R., Perez-Stable, E. “Development of a Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 9 (1987): 183–205.

Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA)
Suinn, R.M., Richard-Figueroa, K., Lew, S., Vigil, P. “The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: An Initial Report” Educational and Psychological Assessment 47 (1987): 401–407.

Group Identification/Cultural Identity Scales

African Self-Consciousness Scale
Baldwin, J.A., Bell, Y. “The African Self-Consciousness Scale: An Afrocentric Personality Questionnaire” The Western Journal of Black Studies 9 (1985): 61–68.

Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale-Form B (BRIAS-Form B)
Helms, J.E. (Ed.). Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Research, and Practice (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990).

Multidimensional Racial Identity Scale (MRIS)-Revised
Thompson, V.L. “The Multidimensional Structure of Racial Identification” Journal of Research in Personality 29 (1995): 208–222.

Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM)
Phinney, J. “The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale For Use with Adolescents And Young Adults From Diverse Groups” Journal of Adolescent Research 7 (1992): 156–176.

White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (WRIAS)
Helms, J.E. and Carter, R.T. “Development of the White Racial Identity Inventory” in J.E. Helms (Ed.) Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Research, and Practice (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990) 67–80.

Value Orientation ScalesChinese Values Survey
Chinese Culture Connection. “Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-free Dimensions of Culture” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 8 (1987): 143–164.

Cultural Adaptation Pain Scale (CAPS)
Sandhu, D.S., Portes, P.R., McPhee, S.A. “Assessing Cultural Adaptation: Psychometric Properties of the Cultural Adaptation Pain Scale” Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 24 (1996): 15–25.

Cultural Information Scale (CIS)
Saldana, D.H. “Acculturative Stress: Minority Status and Distress” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 16 (1994): 116–128.

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