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Selected Bibliography for Supported Employment

Overview

Listed in this annotated bibliography are selected publications on supported employment and related issues. The materials are grouped under the following headings:

Practice Manuals
Research and Conceptual Background
Consumer and Family Perspectives
Practice Issues
Implementation and Administrative Issues

The organization is meant as a rough guide; some of the publications fit in more than one category. Nor do these references exhaust the rich and growing literature on supported employment. Readers seeking more extensive literature on a particular topic may consult recent review articles (e.g., Bond, Becker et al., 2001) or email gbond@iupui.edu.

Practice Manuals

Becker, D.R., & Drake, R.E. (1993). A Working Life: The Individual Placement and Support (IPS) Program. Concord, NH: New Hampshire-Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center.

A pragmatic practitioner’s guide to supported employment giving key principles, concrete guidelines for providing supported employment services, and many concrete vignettes.

Note: A revision of this book, to be published by Oxford is in preparation. It is even more detailed, providing an encyclopedic coverage of the field, including a compelling rationale for a recovery-oriented approach to supported employment. This later edition incorporates all the most recent research.

Ford, L. H. (1995).Providing employment support for people with long-term mental illness. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

A down-to-earth, common-sense approach to supported employment, but somewhat dated

Research and Conceptual Background
Reviews of the Literature

Bond, G.R., Becker, D.R., Drake, R.E., Rapp, C.A., Meisler, N., Lehman, A.F., & Bell, M.D. (2001). Implementing supported employment as an evidence-based practice. Psychiatric Services, 52(3), 313-322.

The most comprehensive published summary of what we know about the effectiveness of supported employment. Also reviews the literature on supported employment principles. This article also outlines some common barriers to implementing supported employment and strategies to overcoming these barriers.

Bond, G.R., Drake, R.E., Mueser, K.T., & Becker, D.R. (1997). An update on supported employment for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 48(3), 335-346.

A detailed summary of the literature on supported employment as of 1997. Contains detailed descriptions of 6 randomized controlled trials.

Drake, R.E., Becker, D.R., Clark, R.E., & Mueser, K.T. (1999). Research on the Individual Placement and Support model of Supported Employment. Psychiatric Quarterly, 70, 289-301.

Concise summary of the literature on Individual Placement and Support.

Marrone, J., & Gold, M. (1994). Supported employment for people with mental illness: Myths and facts. Journal of Rehabilitation, 60(4), 38-47.

Paper addressing some misconceptions about supported employment.

Principles of Supported Employment

Bond, G. R. (1998). Principles of the Individual Placement and Support model: Empirical support. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 11-23.

Paper summarizing the research supporting 6 principles of supported employment.

Cook, J., & Razzano, L. (2000). Vocational rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia: Recent research and implications for practice. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 87-103.

Wide-ranging paper articulating principles of supported employment and examining the predictors of employment

Drake, R.E., & Becker, D.R. (1996). The Individual Placement and Support model of supported employment. Psychiatric Services, 47(5), 473-475.

Summary of the key principles of supported employment

EIDP. (2000). Principles for employment services and support (Brochure, UICC R&T Center).

List of principles of supported employment based on a large multi-site demonstration project.

Impact of Employment on Quality of Life

Bond, G.R., Resnick, S.G., Drake, R.E., Xie, H., McHugo, G.J., & Bebout, R.R. (2001). Does competitive employment improve nonvocational outcomes for people with severe mental illness? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 489-501.

Research article suggesting that competitive employment for a sustained period of time is associated with better control of symptoms and higher self-esteem compared to unemployment.

Van Dongen, C. J. (1996). Quality of life and self-esteem in working and nonworking persons with mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 32(6), 535-548.

Research article suggesting a positive correlation between working and both quality of life and self-esteem.

Historical Context for Supported Employment

Anthony, W. A., & Blanch, A. (1987). Supported employment for persons who are psychiatrically disabled: An historical and conceptual perspective. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 11(2), 5-23.

Classic article arguing for the extension of supported employment for people with developmental disabilities to people with mental illness.

Bond, G. R. (1992). Vocational rehabilitation. In R. P. Liberman (Ed.), Handbook of psychiatric rehabilitation (pp. 244-275). New York: Macmillan.

Comprehensive review of controlled studies of vocational approaches for people with severe men tal illness.

Bond, G. R., Dietzen, L. L., McGrew, J. H., & Miller, L. D. (1995). Accelerating entry into supported employment for persons with severe psychiatric disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology, 40, 91-111.

Early experimental study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness suggesting that prevocational activities are not useful in increasing competitive employment rates.

Bond, G. R., & McDonel, E. C. (1991). Vocational rehabilitation outcomes for persons with psychiatric disabilities: An update. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 1, 9-20.

Review of vocational literature.

Cook, J. A., & Pickett, S. A. (1994). Recent trends in vocational rehabilitation for people with psychiatric disability. American Rehabilitation, 20(4), 2-12.

Review of vocational literature.

Russert, M. G., & Frey, J. L. (1991). The PACT vocational model: A step into the future. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 14(4), 7-18.

Conceptual overview of the PACT model of employment, which has had critical influence on the evolution of the supported employment model.

Harding, C. M., Strauss, J. S., Hafez, H., & Liberman, P. B. (1987). Work and mental illness. I. Toward an integration of the rehabilitation process. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 317-326.

Conceptual paper drawing on a well-known Vermont study to articulate principles of rehabilitation.

Marrone, J. (1993). Creating positive vocational outcomes for people with severe mental illness. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17, 43-62.

Practical guide to various vocational alternatives.

Newman, L. (1970). Instant placement: A new model for providing rehabilitation services within a community mental health program. Community Mental Health Journal, 6, 401-410.

Probably the first published paper to articulate the place-train approach to supported employment, published nearly two decades before its widespread adoption.

cWehman, P., & Moon, M. S. (Eds.). (1988). Vocational rehabilitation and supported employment. Baltimore: Paul Brookes.

Classic monograph on early conceptualizations and demonstrations of supported employment for a range of disability groups.

Consumer and Family Perspectives
Ethnographic and First Person Reports of Supported Employment

Alverson, H., & Vincente, E. (1998). An ethnographic study of vocational rehabilitation for Puerto Rican Americans with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 69-72.

Qualitative analysis of the experiences of Puerto Rican Americans with severe mental illness in supported employment.

Bailey, J. (1998). I’m just an ordinary person. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 8-10.

Powerful first-person account of the employment process.

Caswell, J.S. (2001). Employment: A consumer’s perspective. In D. R. Becker & M. Barcus (Eds.), Connections – State Partnership Initiative (Vol. Spring/Summer, pp. 5). Fairfax, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University.

Harris, M., Bebout, R. R., Freeman, D. W., & Hobbs, M. D. (1997). Work stories: Psychological responses to work in a population of dually diagnosed adults. Psychiatric Quarterly, 68, 131-153.

Qualitative analysis of the unique issues facing consumers with a dual diagnosis of mental illness and substance use problems.

Family Perspectives

Noble, J. H., Honberg, R. S., Hall, L. L., & Flynn, L. M. (1997). A legacy of failure: The inability of the federal-state vocational rehabilitation system to serve people with severe mental illness. Arlington, VA: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill.

Scathing analysis of the vocational rehabilitation system and the barriers to employment faced by families helping consumers with mental illness.

Steinwachs, D. M., Kasper, J. D., & Skinner, E. A. (1992). Family perspectives on meeting the needs for care of severely mentally ill relatives: A national survey. Baltimore, MD: Center on the Organization and Financing of Care for the Severely Mentally Ill, Johns Hopkins University.

A report of a survey of family members.

Practice Issues
Consumer Choice

Bedell, J. R., Draving, D., Parrish, A., Gervey, R., & Guastadisegni, P. (1998). A description and comparison of experiences of people with mental disorders in supported employment and paid prevocational training. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 21(3), 279-283.

Research report comparing preferences for competitive and sheltered employment.

Mueser, K.T., Becker, D.R., & Wolfe, R. (2001). Supported employment, job preferences, and job tenure and satisfaction. Journal of Mental Health, 10, 411-417.

Research report (third in a series of three) examining the impact of finding jobs matching occupational choices of consumers and their job retention.

Engaging Consumers in Supported Employment

Ahrens, C. S., Frey, J. L., & Burke, S. C. (1999). An individualized job engagement approach for persons with severe mental illness. Journal of Rehabilitation, 65(4), 17-24.

Conceptual paper discussing strategies found to be helpful in engaging consumers who do not have vocational goals.

Vocational Assessment

Frey, J. L., & Godfrey, M. (1991). A comprehensive clinical vocational assessment: The PACT Approach. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 22(2), 25-28.

Paper describing practical vocational assessment methods.

Job Development

Bissonnette, D. (1994). Beyond traditional job development: The art of creating opportunity. Chatsworth, CA: Milt Wright & Associates.

A highly engaging, comprehensive, practical guide to job development strategies.

Gervey, R., & Kowal, R. (1995). Job development strategies for placing persons with psychiatric disabilities into supported employment jobs in a large city. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18(4), 95-113.

Research article describing job development experiences of one supported employment program.

Reasonable Accommodations and Disclosure of Disability

Berven, N. L., & Driscoll, J. H. (1981). The effects of past psychiatric disability on employer evaluation of a job applicant. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 12, 50-55.

Research paper experimentally demonstrating discrimination of job applicants who have psychiatric disorders.

MacDonald-Wilson, K., Rogers, E.S., Massaro, J., Lyass, A., & Crean, T. (2002). An investigation of reasonable workplace accommodations for people with psychiatric disabilities: Quantitative findings from a multi-site study. Community Mental health Journal, 38(1), 35-50.

Descriptive report of commonly used accommodations provided to consumers with mental illness.
Conceptual overview of disclosure issues in the work place.

MacDonald-Wilson, K., & Whitman, A. (1995). Encouraging disclosure of psychiatric disability: Mental health consumer and service provider perspectives on what employers do. American Rehabilitation, 21, 15-19.

Mancuso, L. L. (1995). Achieving reasonable accommodation for workers with psychiatric disabilities: Understanding the employer’s perspective. American Rehabilitation, 21, 2-8.

Conceptual analysis of reasonable accommodations for people with severe mental illness.

Job Retention and Career Development

Baron, R., & Salzer, M. S. (2000). The career patterns of persons with serious mental illness: Generating a new vision of lifetime careers for those in recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 4, 136-156.

Qualitative study of career aspirations of people with severe mental illness.

Cook, J. A. (1992). Job ending among youth and adults with severe mental illness. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 19(2), 158-169.

Descriptive study of reasons for job terminations among consumers with severe mental illness.

Resnick, S. G., & Bond, G. R. (2001). The Indiana Job Satisfaction Scale: Job satisfaction in vocational rehabilitation for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 12-19.

Research report suggesting a modest association between job satisfaction early on the job and job retention.

Implementation and Administrative Issues
State Mental Health Perspective

Hogan, M. F. (1999). Supported employment: How can mental health leaders make a difference? Columbus, OH: Ohio Department of Mental Health.

Conceptual analysis of the role of state mental health administrators in promoting employment.

Financing and Cost-Effectiveness of Supported Employment

Clark, R.E. (1998). Supported employment and managed care: Can they coexist? Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 62-68.

Synthesis of several supported employment studies analyzing the costs of supported employment and the implications for funding such programs.

Latimer, E. A. (2001). Economic impacts of supported employment for the severely mentally ill. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(August), 496-505.

Comprehensive review of the literature on the costs and benefits of supported employment.

Becker, D.R., Torrey, W.C., Toscano, R., Wyzik, P.F., & Fox, T.S. (1998). Building recovery-oriented services: Lessons from implementing IPS in community mental health centers. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 51-54.

Conceptual review of the issues facing program leaders seeking to promote supported employment.

Converting Day Treatment to Supported Employment

McCarthy, D., Thompson, D., & Olson, S. (1998). Planning a statewide project to convert day treatment to supported employment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 30-33.

State mental health administrator perspective on the issues in promoting the conversion of day treatment services to supported employment.

Torrey, W.C., Becker, D.R., & Drake, R.E. (1995). Rehabilitative day treatment vs. supported employment: II. Consumer, family and staff reactions to a program change. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18(3), 67-75.

One in a series of studies examining the impact on consumers and family members on converting day treatment to supported employment.

Fidelity Measures for Supported Employment

Becker, D.R., Smith, J., Tanzman, B., Drake, R.E., & Tremblay, T. (2001). Fidelity of supported employment programs and employment outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 52 (6), 834-836.

Paper suggesting a positive association between the supported employment fidelity scale and employment rates.

Bond, G. R., Becker, D. R., Drake, R. E., & Vogler, K. M. (1997). A fidelity scale for the Individual Placement and Support model of supported employment. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 40, 265-284.

Paper describing the details of the Supported Employment Fidelity Scale and suggesting that it discriminates between supported employment programs and programs providing other types of employment services.

State Vocational Rehabilitation Agency

Marrone, J. & Hagner, D. (1993). Getting the most from the VR the system. Tools For Inclusion, 1(1).

Conceptual paper discussing strategies for maximizing assistance from the vocational rehabilitation system.

Marshak, L. E., Bostick, D., & Turton, L. J. (1990). Closure outcomes for clients with psychiatric disabilities served by the vocational rehabilitation system. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 33, 247-250.

Research paper suggesting that the rate of achieving VR eligibility is twice as high for people with physical disabilities as it is for people with psychiatric disabilities.

Barriers to Employment

Braitman, A., Counts, P., Davenport, R., Zurlinden, B., Rogers, M., Clauss, J., Kulkarni, A., Kymla, J., & Montgomery, L. (1995). Comparison of barriers to employment for unemployed and employed clients in a case management program: An exploratory study. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 19(1), 3-18.

Research paper suggesting that most clinicians view their clients with severe mental illness as “unmotivated.”

Lehman, A. F., & Steinwachs, D. M. (1998). Patterns of usual care for schizophrenia: Initial results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) client survey.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 11-23.

Research study suggesting that access to vocational services in the usual system of care is very low; less than 25% of consumers in the study had any vocational goal whatsoever in their treatment plan.

Rutman, I. D. (1994). How psychiatric disability expresses itself as a barrier to employment. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(3), 15-35.

Conceptual summary of the diverse barriers to employment for people with severe mental illness.

Torrey, W.C., Mead, S., & Ross, G. (1998). Addressing the social needs of mental health consumers when day treatment programs convert to supported employment: Can consumer-run services play a role? Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 73-75.

Conceptual paper examining strategies for overcoming social isolation among consumers with severe mental illness who obtain employment.

Wahl, O. (1997). Consumer experience with stigma: Results of a national survey. Alexandria, VA: NAMI.

Survey documenting the pervasiveness of stigma of mental illness.

Walls, R. T., Dowler, D. L., & Fullmer, S. L. (1990). Incentives and disincentives to supported employment. In F. R. Rusch (Ed.), Supported employment: Models, methods, and issues (pp. 251-269). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore.

Conceptual analysis of the disincentives to employment inherent in the Social Security system.

Special Populations

Cook, J. A., Pickett, S. A., Grey, D., Banghart, M., Rosenheck, R. A., & Randolph, F. (2001). Vocational outcomes among formerly homeless persons with severe mental illness in the ACCESS program. Psychiatric Services, 52, 1075-1080.

Large-scale research study suggesting that case management and outreach services to homeless persons with mental illness does not alone increase employment rates; targeted job placement services do appear to make a difference.

Goering, P., Cochrane, J., Potasznik, H., Wasylenki, D., & Lancee, W. (1988). Women and work: After psychiatric hospitalization. In L. L. Bachrach & C. Nadelson (Eds.), Treating chronically mentally ill women (pp. 45-61). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Clinical paper describing the unique issues facing women with mental illness seeking employment.

Goldberg, R. W., Lucksted, A., McNary, S., Gold, J. M., Dixon, L., & Lehman, A. (2001). Correlates of long-term unemployment among inner-city adults with serious and persistent mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52, 101-103.

Research paper examining factors predicting employment for persons with mental illness entering supported employment.

Sengupta, A., Drake, R.E., & McHugo, G.J. (1998). The relationship between substance use disorder and vocational functioning among persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(1), 41-45.

Review article suggesting that individual with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders do not differ from persons with mental illness only in their employment outcomes.

Supported Education

Unger, K. V. (1998). Handbook on supported education: Services for students with psychiatric disabilities. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

How-to manual describing supported education for people with severe mental illness.

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