Center for Mental Health Services
Consumers and Psychologists: A Dialogue
The Carlton Hotel, Washington D.C.
August 29-30, 1998
Meeting Summary
Introduction
The Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS) works to promote mental health and prevent the development or worsening of mental illnesses when possible. CMHS provides support, protection, and advocacy services for adults and children with mental illness, their families, and their communities, through various programs designed to increase the quality and range of treatment options. Collaboration is one of the Center's activities, and the Departments of Education, Housing and Urban Development, Justice, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency are among its partners.
Among those who need mental health programs are: people with persistent mental illness (some of whom are homeless); children and adolescents with a variety of mental health problems; people who have or are at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS; underserved residents of rural areas; and survivors of natural disasters. CMHS supports these populations through innovative demonstration programs, outreach and partnerships, and by providing opportunities for States and communities to expand their mental health rehabilitation services. One of the Center's objectives is to help communities develop effective consumer-run and self-help programs. Toward these ends, CMHS frequently sponsors small, intensely focused activities such as this one (a dialogue between psychologists and consumers).
Welcoming Remarks
The Director of CMHS, Bernard S. Arons, M.D., opened the meeting with a brief message about the work of the Center, and some words of welcome for participants. He noted that CMHS is "doing what it can to push the system forward" through activities that support community services for individuals who need them. He mentioned programs that reach out to consumers for their help in gaining perspective and in planning for the future, including a new evaluation of consumer-run services. He closed by saying that psychologists and consumer activists seldom have a chance to step back from their day-to-day lives and "look at ways to develop new partnerships," and that he hoped this would be such an opportunity. His remarks were followed by brief welcomes from a participating representative from CMHS and the meeting's facilitator; this included thanking the individuals who agreed to take part in the discussion, some of whom had come long distances and on short notice. The following is a summary of their remarks and those of the participants over the course of the meeting.
Meeting Expectations
Changes in the public mental health care system are affecting both consumers and practitioners. Mental health care, at least in its rhetoric, is focusing less on stabilization or custodial care, and more on rehabilitation; part of this new focus is to involve the consumer more than was customary in the past. The widespread adoption of managed care programs and new technologies (particularly changes involving approaches to medication), along with the continuing problems of discrimination/stigma/shame associated with mental illness, offer tremendous, ongoing challenges to the ability to provide high-quality mental health care. Current conditions make it more important than ever to establish partnerships—not just building one-to-one relationships, but also creating lasting, productive alliances at both the system and policy levels.
Planners of this two-day meeting said they hoped the participants would engage in honest discussions—a dialogue that respects differences and recognizes each contributor's perspective; the hope was that participants would also establish ways to come together after the meeting to work for changes in support of quality mental health care. Extending these initial partnerships would contribute to establishing a collective voice, which would then have a larger impact on policy, on the future of training programs in psychology, and on consumer advocacy.
Experiences of Meeting Participants
Participants included seasoned community activists with their own experiences as consumers within the mental health care system who brought a wealth of hands-on knowledge to the table. Many have been active in organizing and developing self-help groups, training consumers, starting and operating client-run centers, and participating in grassroots, advocacy, and policy-making bodies. A number of participants—both consumers and psychologists—work each day, as one of them put it, "alongside and against" the system.
The majority of participating psychologists said they had been clients themselves or had experiences with a family member who needed mental health care; some had undergone a transforming experience in a clinical work situation that helped them understand the issues of the consumer/ survivor/ex-patient (c/s/x) population. These practicing psychologists and/or program administrators worked in community health care, in the State hospital system, and at universities. They had treated or sought help for a variety of people with diverse needs and experiences. For example, a psychologist with family members with mental illness said she learned early on while seeking help "that in just 24 hours the environment could terrorize people," and that a patient could be "handled as an object by some and as a person by others." Participating consumers had stories to share about needing mental health care and facing homelessness, about receiving inappropriate medication or inappropriate treatment, and about living with the after-effects of medication, forced isolation, and forced restraint.
Another participant, a survivor/ex-patient and consultant working with young women and girls, remarked that people often lose their histories when they enter the system, and this often translates, especially for young people, into floating through "multiple systems." She said that this ultimately means these young women "don't belong anywhere." Through her own experiences as a survivor/ex-patient, she found people in those same systems, nurses and other front-line staff, who cared a lot, and were "trying to change a culture of violence in those institutions"—it was this experience with these people that helped her want to begin to "look at how we interact as a culture. What does human rights mean?"
In talking about his own efforts toward recovery, another participant said that he felt "stifled by providing information to psychiatrists or psychologists that was used against me." He mentioned that he got the greatest help from social workers, who he noted often are perceived to be lower on the professional ladder than psychologists, and his observation was that "everybody is sucking up to everybody to try to be a scientist." He added: "The culture of poverty that I grew up in and that's etched in my soul and spirit and also the culture of force—we (consumer-survivors) have lived in the threads of this tapestry."
A psychologist said he felt "cheated" in the sense that he was very alone in parts of his recovery and when he went to school to become a psychologist. He felt very alone in his practice until he connected with the c/s/x movement, which offered him a "sense of community, belonging, understanding." Another participant who had been hospitalized in her mid-teens and now works in advocacy/self-help training observed that people are still in the mind frame of not being able to "help with their own recovery."
A consumer/advocate said that when she went to her first conference in 1977, the topic was human rights and psychiatric oppression. She said that to someone who has been through a trauma during psychiatric treatment, the experience of not being alone gives you strength because you "see the same answers." Still, she expressed concern about how the changes in the system and the growth in consumer participation are playing out: "The mental patient movement is strong, stronger in the States than nationally, it has grown tremendously . . . [but] on the other hand, I'm concerned about collaboration. Is it good? As we've grown, implemented programs, become policymakers, what are we saying at the table? Is having the power to commit people collaborating with the enemy or partnership?"
One participant offered an impression of these and other stories by saying "psychiatric oppression affects everyone: the professional who wants to be human, families, and consumers." The group reaffirmed the tremendous need to educate legislators, colleagues, students, and consumers.
Topics Suggested for Discussion
The following topics were noted by participants as important items that needed discussion:
- The evolution of "pro-sumers" (this is the professional consumer who works in the mental health system)
- Confidentiality
- What helps and what hurts in treatment
- Practical applications
- Informed consent
- Rights vs. personal narration
- Psychologists prescribing psychiatric drugs
- Each others' stories
- Recovering from the trauma of receiving mental health services/wellness
- Whether collaboration is good or bad—and what does it mean?
- Partnership—how to make it real
- How to actualize principles in wellness
- Value and issues of stigma—psychologists, in their primary role as caregivers, need to offer value for people who have been devalued; how to get beyond technology and understand what "value" means
- Training (also how is the consumer actively involved and the importance of first-person experiences in training)
- What drives people to act and do what they do (rights and data)
- Political action
Listing these items brought the group to the question: As the public mental health system shifts, how does it alleviate the strain evident in the issues above? This provoked many responses. One psychologist who works principally with people of color and some victims of torture remarked that "we need to be involved in substance abuse, because mental illness is not an isolated situation." Another said that the public mental health system is being "savaged by managed care," and that many consumers who should be going directly to treatment are being picked up by law enforcement and incarcerated on charges such as vagrancy, being a public nuisance, or trespassing. The challenge is to get to those people who've fallen through the cracks and divert them from the criminal justice system. What's needed is a powerful force to make legislators put the dollars where they need to go. A third participant observed that deinstitutionalization in her State meant that dollars hadn't been put back into the communities or reinvested in peer supportive services.
Another psychologist said during his first job in a State hospital, he was thrust into a maximum-security unit of women "more traumatized, tormented, and oppressed than any humans I've witnessed in my life." He said he became determined to try to help people, and made this work his career because of that first experience. He said "our primary role as caregivers has to be to judge our interactions with people . . . we can have the best technology in the world but still interact in a way that devalues people." He also said one task of his profession was to understand and reintroduce people to their gifts, to build their journey toward recovery.
One psychologist/consumer, remarking on the importance of caring, said: "Some of us don't believe in the medical model." Someone said: "I don't see ‘treatment plans;' I see people developing. A mental health professional doesn't ‘take over', I don't care how debilitated (patients) are. What needs to be done from my perspective is to remove barriers to people's development. Whenever I hear ‘caregiving' and ‘treatment plans' I have to say that's not the whole ball game for all of us."
Several people agreed that control and behavior are most often the focus of approaching patients. One participant remarked, "Let's at least acknowledge that we're not helping" people when the principal strategy in treatment is "to stop them from being a pain," a female participant said. "Most State hospitals don't respect the voice of people until they are enraged to the point of aggression." She said it wasn't typical to respond to simple requests in those environments, and that "we need to teach people to respect the (patient's) voice."
Several participants indicated that politicians weren't educated in the complexities of struggling with mental health problems and although they are convinced the public cares about roads, education, and prisons, they don't believe the public is interested in mental health care— it is often perceived as "more welfare." This means more people will be traumatized through this lack of education or failure to recognize that there are real reasons why people don't work or find themselves needing services.
Bringing up the idea that partnerships can help, one participant noted that his own counselor, by sharing personal information and experiences with him, has allowed them to develop a bond of respect, understanding, and listening—and that these "boundary issues" are often drilled into people's heads—issues having to do with power or hierarchy. He said that true, meaningful relationships are built on an "equal-plane basis." The question, he said, is how to get beyond boundaries.
One psychologist noted that the discrepancies in disclosure between participants is a "cultural issue" and acknowledged that disclosure is part of the culture of consumer/survivors but not usually part of the culture when psychologists attend professional meetings. He said that acknowledgment of this would help psychologists get to the next level of being able to communicate in the context of this meeting, and that it was probably a step-by-step process.
A participant raised the topic of seclusion and restraint as a way to look at the reactions of professionals in situations where they might not feel immediately in control. The providers were asked to respond to the question: "What does it feel like when someone standing in front of you is having flashbacks, hearing voices, cutting themselves—what is that experience like for you?" One person acknowledged: "What I have found is that people have overwhelmingly said ‘I am afraid.'" What are people most afraid of and how do they respond as human beings?
The group then talked about how someone had earlier mentioned that one consumer's responses made her "afraid" of him, and how this reaction is used in the clinical relationship and in encountering someone who may be assertive or even combative in their meeting. My first response, stated a psychologist "is to be afraid, my second is to deal with the fear by distancing, and then the next step is to say: ‘If I want to be helpful then I can't be afraid.' Then I can deal with it." It was noted that often the message to consumers is either not to bring up their issues that could worry professionals or else "demonstrate" them fully, "because then people will stay away and not bother you."
A consumer/psychologist who identified himself as having schizophrenia said that people who have been subjected to serious mental illness "feel they were rejected, ejected, and marginalized, and that society continued without the benefit of our gifts. Culturally and linguistically, it has become okay to use terms like ‘crazy' and ‘wacko.' For those of us who are trying to contribute, we need a change. We are looking for allies." He added that although psychologists have been "tremendous in reaching out" to minorities, they still "for some reason are not ready to accept the ‘crazy' people." He said he personally didn't see organized psychology as being willing to do that.
Another addressed the professionals in the room, saying that he was "not asking you to come in as psychologists" but that he wanted to know whether they could really understand the experiences of consumers.
The discussion turned to addressing the question of what would be a helpful role for psychologists in redesigning the future? One participant said that "people on Capitol Hill are pretty naive about why some folks don't work." She made the observation that people in nursing homes are totally disempowered in those settings, an analogy to some consumers institutionalized within the mental health care system.
A participating psychologist characterized the history of psychiatry as a sort of "funnel" system. In the beginning, psychiatry had a wide array of interventions (poisons, lobotomies) that nowadays are considered barbaric. But this wide number of interventions was funneled through and now, he said, with psychiatry it's often a situation where all you can train a psychiatrist in a residency program to do is administer medications, because that's what the field itself is interested in presently. Clinical psychology, he said, took a different course of development, starting off as very narrow (testing for the military) and then branching out. "Most of us have developed new interventions that are outcome based." He added that the challenge was to take isolated areas of excellence and discover how to bring colleagues up to that level. "Psychologists may at first have had little to offer, only symptom control, but now that they've moved into a wellness model," said one participant. "We're talking about creating meaningful and satisfying lives, whatever the diagnosis. We, as psychologists, can support the people we work with . . . It's very different from focusing on the appropriate medication. It's a larger picture of what it means to be a human being."
One consumer said, "My first response has to be which consumers were involved in structuring and the implementation of these fine techniques, and if the answer is that you didn't bother to ask the consumers, I don't care how it looks on paper."
Involuntary Treatment Issues
Several people said they wanted to talk about prescription privileges for psychologists and the possibility of expansion of commitment laws/involuntary treatment in the wake of the recent shooting inside the Capitol in Washington, DC. The group recognized the importance of an alliance to address issues surrounding new legislative activity in the area of forced treatment.
As the conversation turned to forced treatment/forced medication, one psychologist said her dilemma was that when she sees someone on the street who clearly is hallucinating, hasn't bathed and is "getting minimal care" it causes her to think about whether if that person had medication, would he or she get the care he or she needs? She asked the consumers in the room: "Were you ever at a point where it was a good thing to have someone make you" take medication or get treatment?
One person responded with, "I would not be here talking to you today" if he had not been picked up and hospitalized when he'd reached a crisis point. He said, "lots of consumers will tell you they would not be here today had they not been picked up and—against their desires—been given treatment. Most of the participants agreed that the consumer movement is divided on the issue of whether or not force is appropriate. After a consumer asked how much the issue of involuntary treatment/forced medication is discussed in American Psychological Association (APA) meetings, the discussion turned toward how APA and other professional organizations could begin to incorporate more dialogue with patients on these issues into their regular programming. Since several participants were active within the APA, they could describe how plans and decisions typically are made. One person active in the organization said it is incorrect to assume that the agenda for the APA annual meeting is created by one entity; it begins with a call for programs. The activities of the APA came up again during the wrap-up on the second day.
"As the issue of advanced directives comes more to the forefront," offered one participant, "and as people who write these directives begin to see how empowering the experience is, the role of a psychologist might be to help educate policy makers who think that forced treatment is the solution to all problems, particularly helping people find and stay in jobs." Someone questioned how safe it was to expand our abilities to intrude on people's lives based on labels. She recounted a story of her own experience as a young person, trying to inform hospital staff about a side-effect of her medication. "I was told it was me . . . (I was) complaining . . . there was no recognition at all that what I was saying was viable, that it was credible." Without humane and responsive case management services, the system isn't looking to find what's best for the individual, and this makes advance directives more crucial to their well-being.
Someone in the group who has experienced serious neurological side effects from psychotropic medication and works with people who needed support for similar problems characterized involuntary commitment as an "easy solution that doesn't offer alternatives . . . I do what I do because I don't want to see people maimed in the way I have been. I didn't need intervention of that kind, but nobody asked me."
Recommended Practical Applications to Improving Treatment
In terms of practical applications, the group made the following suggestions:
- Get psychological associations and consumer groups working together to mobilize around the country in addressing involuntary treatment.
- Advocate for adopting the use of advance directives—having a record of what treatments (including medications) work for particular individuals, who can assign responsibility, and who is there to carry out their wishes when it becomes necessary.
- Help consumers get a better understanding of the workings of the APA, including contacts within the organization, the association's own ethics code, legal obligations, and what they have to say about how clinical decisions are made.
- Help the public, government officials, and mental health care providers acknowledge and understand that the process of treatment should be access/reintegration into the mainstream, and that people have to accommodate those who are different in these settings.
- Arrange to have some of the approximately 23 different professional psychological journals run focus sections and feature articles on relevant consumer-related topics.
- Acknowledge that consumer groups believe that there are many alternatives, often ones no one else will listen to, that have been helpful.
- Foster opportunities for psychologists and consumers to hear one another's perspectives on medicating and the consequences of forced medication.
- Develop bibliographies of consumer literature.
Ideas to Facilitate Dialogue Between Consumers and Psychologists
Meetings
- Organize consumer/psychologist forums at professional meetings.
- Develop topic-specific forums presented in partnership using multimedia approaches (video, teleconference, Internet).
- Conduct programming at APA convention on c/s/x/ perspectives.
Dialogue/Follow-up
APA task force on serious mental illness: Form a new subcommittee of consumers and psychologists, and develop APA advisory groups on specific issues.
- Promote advance directives.
- Collect and disseminate consumer literature.
- Conduct dialogue meetings in each State by coordinating with the State Psychological Associations.
- Use national TV and radio networks.
- Foster consumer and psychologist linkages.
- CMHS and NIMH should disseminate information on innovative programs.
Training
- Train psychologists in consumer participation.
- Develop a training module with a video using first-person consumer experiences.
- Include c/s/x as teachers in all levels of training—universities and others.
- Get psychologists to teach and promote recovery.
- Include medication issues (pro and con, from a c/s/x perspective).
- Admit c/s/x-ers to graduate psychology programs (affirmative action).
- Hear from c/s/x-ers about what works and what does not.
- Look at violence against women (training/focus groups including women across the spectrum).
Journal Articles
- Publish APA articles (and explore a regular APA Monitor column/feature).
- Encourage APA and divisional journals to do special-focus issues with contributors from c/s/x community and interactive commentary.
- End the appropriation of c/s/x intellectual property (give credit, share jobs and rewards).
- Influence legislation by educating political leaders about the social mechanisms that affect people adversely.
- Develop an information clearinghouse of c/s/x literature, videos, cassettes, fact sheets, and research.
- Promote consumer information development and dissemination.
- Conduct a literature review of c/s/x citations.
Research
- Assure that all research is participatory and outcome oriented.
- Conduct research in quality improvement.
Consumers and Psychologists in Partnership
- Promote consultation and coordination with welfare reform/mental health service reform by both c/s/x's and psychologists.
- Assure that partnerships are mandated by policy on joint quality assurance, licensing, clinical review, etc.
- Develop ongoing networks between consumers and organized psychology.
- Establish a buddy program (mutual mentoring).
- Increase social empowerment.
The second day of the meeting was devoted to planning and began with a brief description of the APA. More information can be found at the APA's Web site (www.apa.org).
Action Steps
In looking at all of the action steps the group had identified, the facilitator asked: What is it we want to do? Who is going to be responsible? Ultimately, during the wrap-up discussion, participants distilled the topics list into two overarching areas:
- Journal articles and professional meetings
- C/s/x partnerships and dialogue/legislative impact
Several participants made commitments to take articles on related topics from the group for professional journals they had connections with, and others said they would write or solicit articles for them. Among the topics they thought would be especially relevant to share information on were the following:
- Gender-specific issues, particularly minority female c/s/x-ers
- Police psychology and training modules
- Medication issues (including side effects and training)
- Ways to develop proficiencies for people who work with serious mental illness
The group offered these suggestions that went beyond producing articles in journals or expanding archives of consumer-based literature:
- Look at the correlation between training and research and how psychologists are trained in nonthreatening approaches (and if not, how to do this.)
- Discover and encourage research around the attitudes and behaviors of psychologists.
- Convene a symposium at the APA meetings that would be consumer focused.
- Pair up to make some of this happen (a list was passed around of those who would be willing to pair with another to continue to work together).
- Develop a research agenda wish list.
- Share contacts and resources, ideally through a listserv and continuing action.
Resolutions
Two resolutions were developed.
Resolution 1: Involuntary mental health interventions must be viewed as systems' failures that indicate needed improvements.
Alternative strategies, such as advance directives, mediation, and peer supports, must be developed and funded to prevent these interventions.
Trauma resulting from involuntary interventions must be addressed, including the development of research, policy, planning, staff development, model procedures, and using the experiential knowledge of consumer/survivors.
Resolution 2: We urge the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations to undertake an information gathering activity, perhaps a task force with public hearings, regarding the use of restraint, seclusion and therapeutic holding in Behavioral Health and other settings.
This activity should lead to the revision and adoption of standards that can also function as care measurement performance indicators.
We envision indicators that encourage the use of behavioral, psychological, social and environmental interventions that have been shown to decrease or even eliminate the need for more restrictive proce dures.
We recognize the use of routine screening for trauma, advance directives and measuring attitudes and behavior of the staff are underutilized and often unacknowledged as applicable to seclusion, restraint and therapeutic holding.
The Joint Commission has in important, unequaled responsibility and opportunity concerning these issues.
We encourage the Board of Commissioners to take immediate and positive action in this Resolution.
Conclusion
In reflecting on what the two days had brought to the group, several people said they were grateful for the opportunity to cross paths, felt closer to other participants since coming in the first day, and were optimistic about what could happen from this meeting. One person mentioned that having the opportunity to publish in a number of journals was an encouraging action. One psychologist said, "Many times, a lot of us who have worked in the public sector have felt alone, made mistakes over the years, created some hardships in people's lives . . . and have been sorry for that. I envy students in graduate schools now . . . and I've developed some long-standing friendships." Someone offered the observation that it was even clearer how valuable, expert, and professional the organizations for consumers were—and that this meeting was evidence that it was possible to broaden the sense of collegiality among psychologists and consumers.
A participant who had retired from full-time employment said that it was this type of experience that made him want to continue to work in his profession. Another person said that the energy and inclusiveness demonstrated by this gathering were some things to remember, and several participants believed the group could accomplish a lot if they could sustain this kind of network.
A participant said the dialogue has to be "much more than sharing stories . . . we need to keep reinventing where we are and need to go." The meeting closed with the group acknowledging that this discussion was taking place in a political environment that potentially could push poor, marginalized people into roles they wouldn't choose for themselves—and that the combination of individual efforts and collaboration could sway political leaders into doing something that will actually work for people who need mental health care and support.
Center for Mental Health Services
Consumer and Psychologists in Dialogue
Washington, D.C.
August 28-30, 1998
Final Participant List
Ronald Bassman
Office of Recipient Affairs
New York State Office of Mental Health
44 Holland Avenue
Albany, NY 12229
(518) 473-6579
Fax: (518) 473-7926
Celia Brown
New York Office of Mental Health
75 Morton Street, 7th Floor
New York, NY 10014
(212) 675-3803 Ext. 315
Fax: (212) 675-5419
E-mail: cksean@aol.com
Susan Estelle Budd
School of Social Welfare
University of Kansas
304 E. Twente Hall
Lawrence, KS 66045
(785) 864-3830
Fax: (785) 864-5277
Donald Clark
Sacramento Black Alcoholism Center
2425 Alhambra Boulevard, Suite F
Sacramento, CA 95817
(916) 454-4242
Fax: (916) 454-2930
Lillian Comas-Diaz
1301 20th Street, N.W., Suite 711
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 775-1938 (Phone & Fax)
E-mail: cultura@erols.com
Robert Coursey
University of Maryland, Psychology Dept.
College Park, MD 20742
(301) 405-5905
Fax: (301) 314-9566
E-mail: coursey@bss3.umd.edu
Fred J. Frese III
Summit County Recovery Project
283 Hartford Drive
Hudson, OH 44236
(330) 650-2864
E-mail: fjfrese@akron.infi.netr
Scotty Hargrove
University of Mississippi
Psychology Department
205 Peabody Bldg
University, MS 38677
(601) 232-7383
Fax: (601) 232-5398
E-mail: pydsh@olemiss.edu
Richard H. Hunter
Illinois Department of Human Services
10202 Briggs Road
Marion, IL 62959
(618) 985-2814
Fax: (618) 985-2933
E-mail: rhunter@midwest.net
J. Rock Johnson
1326 N. 21st Street
Lincoln, NE 68503-1618
(402) 474-0202
Fax: (402) 438-1991
E-mail: jrock@sprynet.com.
Sonja Kjaer
TD & TD Associates
P.O. Box 45732
Seattle, WA 98145
(206) 522-3166
Ronald F. Levant
Nova Southeastern University
3301 College Avenue
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314
(954) 262-5701
Fax: (954) 423-0709
E-mail: rlevant@aol.com
Diane T. Marsh
University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg
1150 Mt. Pleasant Road
Greensburg, PA 15601
(724) 836-9684
Fax: (724) 836-7133
E-mail: dtm3@pop.pitt.edu
Jack K. Plummer
625 E. Main Street, Suite 12-A
Meriden, CT 06450
(203) 237-8049
Laura Prescott
P.O. Box 266
Worthington, MA 01098
(413) 238-0478
Fax: (413) 238-5915
E-mail: Lpleiades@aol.com
Gilberto Romero
Hands Across Cultures Corporation
P.O. Box 459
Santa Cruz, NM 87567
(505) 753-2262
George Stricker
Adelphi University
The Derner Institute
Garden City, NY 11530
(516) 877-4803
Fax: (516) 877-4805
E-mail: stricker@panther.adelphi.edu
Sandra E. Tars
Hutchings Psychiatric Center
620 Madison Street
Syracuse, NY 13210-22319
(315) 473-4980 Ext. 6804
E-mail: huisset@gw.omh.state.ny.us
or - SandyTars@aol.com
Harrison Voight
CA Institute of Integral Studies
9 Peter Yorke Way
San Francisco, CA 94109
(415) 674-5500 Ext. 268
Sally Zinman
Executive Director
California Network of Mental Health Clients
1722 J Street, Suite 324
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 443-3232
Fax: (916) 443-4089
E-mail: Szinman@aol.com
Staff Participants
Bernard S. Arons, M.D.
Director
Center for Mental Health Services
1 Choke Cherry Road, Room 8-1058
Rockville, MD 20850
Paolo Delvecchio
Consumer Affairs Specialist
Center for Mental Health Services
1 Choke Cherry Road, Room 6-1069
Rockville, MD 20850
(240)-276-1946
Fax: (240)-276-1340
E-mail: paolo.del vecchio@samhsa.hhs.gov
Facilitator
Ike G. Powell
Mental Health Empowerment Project, Inc.
261 Central Avenue
Albany, NY 12206
(518) 434-1393
Fax: (518) 434-3823
or
P.O. Box 209
Cairo, GA 31728
(912) 377-4496
KRA Corporation
1010 Wayne Avenue, Suite 800
Silver Spring, MD 20910
(301) 495-1591
Anne Pierce
Gloria S. Williams
| "Please note that the views and opinions expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Center for Mental Health Services/Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."
|
Consumers and Psychologists: A Dialogue--August 29-30, 1998
OEL00-0008
|
